Category Archives: Uncategorized

What does Chorus and Flanger do?

Chorus samples the input, slightly detunes it and mixes it with the original signal to produce a somewhat thicker, shimmering sound. Use it to thicken up background vocals, or to double the sound of brass and woodwind instruments. (source Behringer DeepMind 12 manual) The effect can be achieved by using multiple, slightly detuned oscillators for each note (source).
Flanger emulates the phase-shifting sound (comb-filtering) originally created by applying pressure against the flange of the reel on a tape recorder. This effect creates a unique “wobbly” sound that is quite dramatic when used on vocals and instruments. (source Behringer DeepMind 12 manual). From wikipedia: Flanging /ˈflændʒɪŋ/ is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one signal delayed by a small and gradually changing period, usually smaller than 20 milliseconds. This produces a swept comb filter effect: peaks and notches are produced in the resulting frequency spectrum, related to each other in a linear harmonic series. Varying the time delay causes these to sweep up and down the frequency spectrum. A flanger is an effects unit that creates this effect.

Rant: my Apple fanboyism is starting to crack

Really, really annoying things with Apple products, every day:

– My iPhone 6S has battery malfunction (shuts down at 40% of battery level and refuses to start) and is under warranty change. However the repair shops cannot get the batteries because of high demand. Apple calls this issue affecting small amount of iPhones. I doubt it.
– Using “night mode” which mutes the iPhone automatically during night. However when plugging the charging cable makes “pling” noise when everything else is muted. Really nice because when rest of family is sleeping and you want to charge overnight.
– Forget to put the phone on charging. Wakes me up at morning still, good boy. To shut off the alert I need to enter my 6 digit passcode (because the phone rebooted). Why I need to enter passcode on reboot? Isn’t the fingerprint scanning enough secure?! Trying to tap the passcode without eyeglasses immediately when woken up is like a nasty test.
– Apple releases new Macbook (finally) and I was waiting to replace my old Macbook with brand new. Apple raises prices and removes USB ports and SD card slot on new model. Well played, Apple.
– I purchase previous model Macbook because of previous issue and think 128GB is enough for the “internal” SSD. I was wrong, installed Xcode and constantly running out of disk. Irritating me with nags. The internal SSD cannot be replaced. Need to use external hard disks.
– My iPad wants to make OS upgrade but I don’t want to do it. Asks it every day. With two dialogs. I. DON’T. WANT. TO. UPDATE. PLEASE. LET. ME. CONTINUE. Solution: there isn’t any real solution, but you can hack it.

Next laptop: back to Windows? Really?!

Useful commands

GIT: Show changed files in last commit
git log --name-only --pretty=oneline --full-index HEAD^^..HEAD | grep -vE '^[0-9a-f]{40} ' | sort | uniq

GIT: Show file history
git log -p filename

BASH: Find word in files
grep -R "word_to_search" *

Dshot times & frequencies

One frame (“pulse”) is 16 bits long.

It contains

  • 11 bits of throttle value (2047 separate throttle positions available)
  • 1 bit telemetry request
  • 4 bits of CRC checksum.

The options for Dshot speeds are:

Dshot 600 600 kbit per second Single frame: 26.66 uS (microseconds) Absolute maximum update frequency 37.5 kHz
Dshot 300 300 kbit per second Single frame: 53.3 uS (microseconds) Absolute maximum update frequency 18.75 kHz
Dshot 150 150 kbit per second Single frame: 106.6 uS (microseconds) Absolute maximum update frequency 9.3 kHz

Just a reminder: multishot pulse is max 25 uS long, multishot protocol allowing max 32kHz update speed.

For “old” methods (dshot, oneshot), see this link.

Tip: Serial ports in microcontrollers

– Use software serials ONLY for debugging. Software serials are not reliable.
– Use hardware serials primarily for interfacing with devices (GPS etc.)
– Prepare for debugging port in your design
– Program the uC through native programming method (ISP, ICSP) if you don’t have several hardware USARTs
– Make all sorts of cross-compatible adapters and cables for easy debugging
– Use two laptops for development: one for plainly debugging

When picking uC, make sure you have plenty of hardware serials. Usually one isn’t enough.

Simple Arduino Timing class


class jeTime
{
public:
jeTime()
{
reset();
}
float elapsedInSeconds()
{
return (millis()-theTime)/1000.0;
}
int elapsedInMilliSeconds()
{
return millis()-theTime;
}

void reset()
{
theTime = millis();
}
private:
long theTime;
};

Most important NMEA sentence is GPGGA

GGA – essential fix data which provide 3D location and accuracy data.

$GPGGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M,,*47

Where:
GGA Global Positioning System Fix Data
123519 Fix taken at 12:35:19 UTC
4807.038,N Latitude 48 deg 07.038′ N
01131.000,E Longitude 11 deg 31.000′ E
1 Fix quality: 0 = invalid
1 = GPS fix (SPS)
2 = DGPS fix
3 = PPS fix
4 = Real Time Kinematic
5 = Float RTK
6 = estimated (dead reckoning) (2.3 feature)
7 = Manual input mode
8 = Simulation mode
08 Number of satellites being tracked
0.9 Horizontal dilution of position
545.4,M Altitude, Meters, above mean sea level
46.9,M Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84
ellipsoid
(empty field) time in seconds since last DGPS update
(empty field) DGPS station ID number
*47 the checksum data, always begins with *
If the height of geoid is missing then the altitude should be suspect. Some non-standard implementations report altitude with respect to the ellipsoid rather than geoid altitude. Some units do not report negative altitudes at all. This is the only sentence that reports altitude.